c H

FROM THE

GIVILWAR IN NORTH AMERICA,

1861, '62, '63, BY

V. B L A D A .

FIRST ISSUE CONTAINING PLATES

No. 1. WORSHIP OF THE NORTH.

" 2. PASSAGE THROUGH BALTIMORE.

" 5. SEARCHING FOR ARMS.

" 6. ENLISTMENT OF SICKLES' BRIGADE.

" 7. THE FIGHT AT SANTA ROSA ISLAND.

" 12. SLAVES CONCEALING THEIR MASTER FROM A SEARCH PARTY.

" 15. TRACKS OF THE ARMIES.

" 16. FORMATION OF GUERILLA BANDS.

" 21. GEN. STEWART'S RAID TO THE WHITE HOUSE.

" 24. SCENE IN STONEWALL JACKSON'S CAMP.

INT 300 IV, 1863

TARRYTOWN, NEW YORK

REPRINTED

WILLIAM ABBATT,

1917 Being Extra Number 60 of THE MAGAZINE OF HISTORY WITH NOTES AND QUERII

EDITOR'S PREFACE

IT was hoped that this scarce and very interesting collection of etchings would have been published nearly a year ago: but de lays encountered in searching for (supposed) additional plates have delayed the matter until now.

Mr. Sabin, in his "Dictionary of Books relating to America" (New York, 1869, Vol. 2, No. 5709) notes:

"BLADA, V. (pseudonym for A. J. Volck) Sketches from the Civil War in North America, 1861-'62-'63. By V. Blada. London, 1863. Quarto.

(A series of forty-five sketches, chiefly of scenes in the Confed erate Army, really published in Baltimore. Only twelve copies were struck off for friends, when the plates were destroyed for fear of exposing the artist, who is a German dentist in Baltimore)."

The catalogue of the Library of Congress says: "The. original sketches, thirty in number were drawn, etched and printed in an edition of two hundred sets for subscribers by Dr. Adalbert Johan Volck of Baltimore. One plate, "Meeting of the Southern emis saries and Lincoln" (at Hampton Roads, February 3, 1865) was afterwards lost. An edition of forty-five plates, (the original thirty and fifteen additional, by the same artist, was also published (London 1863)."

But my very long and careful search, here and abroad, has failed to find more than the thirty plates I here reproduce (I am told two others are in Richmond, but that the owner will not allow their reproduction — and most of the few sets which have been sold at auction had but twenty -nine).

The numbering, too, varies with the sets — a small edition was published in Philadelphia.

4 PREFACE

A circular issued in London July 30, 1864 reads: 2d and 3d is sues of V. Blada's War Sketches. ******** The Firgt Issue contains Plates Nos. 1-2-5-6-7-12-15-16-21-24 (10)." Seventeen more are announced by another circular of same date, as "finished — in drawing — and some as etched" but so far as known no more were issued than the thirty I mention. The series as given is:

No. 1. Worship of the North.

2. Lincoln's Passage through Baltimore, February, '61.

3. ?

4. Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts in Baltimore, April, 19, 1861.

5. Searching a Southern Home for Arms.

6. Recruiting Sickles' Brigade in New York, May, 1861.

7. The Battle of Santa Rosa Island, Fla., Oct. 9, 1861.

8. Marylanders crossing the Potomac to join the South ern army, 1861.

9. Election in Baltimore, November, 1862.

10. The "Stone Fleet" blocking Charleston harbor, Dec. 20, 1861.

11. Spinning, Weaving and Sewing for Southern Soldiers.

12. Slaves hiding their master.

13. ?

14. Valiant Men dat fight mit Sigel, August, 1861.

15. In the Wake of War.

16. Formation of a Guerilla band.

17. Jemison's Jayhawkers, 1862.

18. Smuggling Medicines into the South.

19. Offering church bells to be cast into cannon.

20. Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston crossing the (Utah) Desert to join the Southern army (1861)

21. "Jeb" Stuart's Raid to "White House," Va., June, 1862.

22. ?

PREFACE

23. Gen. Butler's Victims at Fort St. Philip, La., (Dec. 1862)

24. Prayer in "Stonewall" Jackson's Camp.

25. Writing the Emancipation Proclamation, 1862.

26. Free Negroes in the North.

27. Free Negroes in Hayti. (Cannibalism)

28. ?

29. The Vicksburg Canal, Jan. '63.

30. Cave Life in Vicksburg, Feb. 1863.

31. "Jeb" Stuart's return from raid into Pennsylvania, (Oct. 1862).

32. ?

Gen. Bragg's return from Kentucky, (Oct. 1862).

33.

So-called in one list, but in others "Return of a

Raiding Party from Pennsylvania. 34-39. ?

40. Buying a Substitute at the North, 1863. 41-44. ? 45. Selling Counterfeit Confederate Money at the North.

Chronologically the sequence would be:

l_2-20-4-8-6-14-7-l 0-21-33-31-25-9-23-1 7-29-30-40 : the others are not assignable to specific dates.

Dr. A. J. Volck, of German birth, but long a resident of Balti more, where he died in 1912, was an ardent Southern sympathizer, and a man of much artistic ability, as shown by his drawings. It is much to be regretted that the missing numbers (assuming all were finished) cannot be found : but we are happy to be able to furnish our subscribers with all those known, and at a price about one- quarter of the usual market rate for the originals.

It will be noticed that Mr. Halstead describes but twenty- three — we have therefore added a few notes on some others; others again are self-explanatory.

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS

Complete set of the very rare and remarkable original issues of the thirty etchings (12 x 9 inches)

DR. A. J. VOLCK

Of Baltimore

Secretly made for private distribution during the early part of the Civil War.

INDEX

TO

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS

1. Worship of the North.

2. Passage through Baltimore.

3. Writing the Emancipation Proclamation.

4. Battle in Baltimore, April 19th, 1861.

5. Searching for Arms.

6. Enlistment of Sickles' Brigade, N. Y.

7. Buying a Substitute in the North during the War.

8. Marylanders Crossing the Potomac to Join the Southern Army

9. Election in Baltimore, November, 1862.

10. Stone Blockade off Charleston, S. C.

11. Making Clothes for the Boys in the Army.

12. Slaves Concealing their Master from a Search Party.

13. Return of a Raiding Party from Pennsylvania.

14. Valiant Men "Dat Fite Mit Siegel."

15. Tracks of the Armies.

16. Formation of Guerrilla Bands.

17. Jemison's Jay hawkers.

18. Smuggling Medicines into the South.

19. Offering of Bells to be Cast into Cannon.

20. Albert S. Johnston Crossing the Desert to Join the Southern Army.

21. Gen'l. Stuart's Raid to White House, Va.

22. Gen'l. Stuart's Return from Pennsylvania.

23. Butler's Victims of Fort St. Philip.

24. Prayer in Stonewall Jackson's Camp.

25. Counterfeit Confederate Notes Publicly Offered for Sale in the "City of Brotherly Love."

26. Free Negroes in the North.

27. Free Negroes in Hayti.

28. Cave Life in Vicksburg during the Siege.

29. Vicksburg Canal.

30. Battle of Santa Rosa Island.

HISTORIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CON FEDERACY— VOLCK'S ETCHINGS

most deeply interested readers of stories are of two clas ses — those to whom that in hand is old and thoroughly known, and those whose interest is untouched save with fore shadowed intelligence. Letters by descriptive writers are relished especially by travellers whose own experiences are sketched, and by persons who never have been in the neighborhoods described and to whom the pictures drawn and the information given are quite fresh. One says, "I read that chapter with great pleasure be cause I have been there and know all about it myself"; and another, "I read it with delight for the reason that it was news from a country just discovered, for me."

War history is intensely interesting to those who were engaged in the warfare, and to the young born after the combat, to whom the truth of immense events comes in glimpses like a landscape seen in the flashes of lightning. How fast the old time fades! how seldom the clear light shines! and how suddenly the twilight dark ens and the night descends! The Confederate etchings herewith presented in the Cosmopolitan Magazine* are remarkable for the fidelity with which they express the convictions and the temper of the Southern people during the first years of the war between the United and Confederate States. Those whose personal reminis cences cover these times will study the lines of the drawings and recognize the unerring touch of the artist; while the generation of the last quarter of a century will be startled to find in a form so concentrated a record of the fierce animosities, the bitter resent ments, the implacable prejudices, the passion, the frenzy and the ferocity of the war, as it was and as it appeared within the lines of the Confederacy, and to the sympathizers, without reserve or mis giving, with the Confederates.

*August, 1890.

12 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

It will surprise many in the South and still more in the North, to study these etchings and recognize in them what the public opinion was of the citizens who took up arms against the govern ment of the United States, because President Lincoln opposed the extension of Slavery and was supposed, when elected, to represent aggression toward the states that maintained slavery and a deliber ate purpose to destroy them as sovereign powers, and deprive them forever of that political potentiality of which they were prouder than anything else they held or hoped for.

Now it is rare to hear President Lincoln spoken of without ex pressions of deepest respect; and men of all parties understand and declare his high and honorable place in history, and praise him above all things for his kindliness, charity, long-suffering, forbear ance and generosity, and there is forever quoted as the best ex pression of his character, personal and public, his immortal phrase, "With malice toward none, with charity for all." It is instructive with this in mind to study the etchings in which he is depicted, re membering that this is the work of a man of cultivation, and is courtesy itself compared with the coarser manifestations of the like sentiment. The time was when it was politeness to call Presi dent Lincoln, "Abrahamus," and denounce him as a despot who trampled upon the constitution of his country and steeped the land in the blood of white men for the sake of the negro.

Three of the drawings here are especially directed at Presi dent Lincoln, one founded on the story of his flight to Washington wearing a Scotch cap. Mr. Lincoln was induced to change his route and time of passing through Baltimore when on the way to be inaugurated, because it was discovered that the crowd certain to collect there to receive him would be hostile, boisterous and per haps dangerous — and it was believed there was a plot to assassinate him. The recollection of the attack upon the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment of volunteers in Baltimore, a short time after, and the murder of Lincoln at the beginning of his second term, remove all

230

PASSAGE THROUGH BALTIMORE

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 13

ideas of the ridiculous from the entertainment of this apprehension — which was loudly denounced and hooted at the time as ludicrous and disgraceful. The Scotch cap story was a pure fiction, and the constant circulation it has had is an instance of the survival of the picturesque.

The "Worship of the North" is an etching in which there is contained a volume. The negro on the altar is the idol, and around him are bayonets with the John Brown pike most conspicuous in the centre; and St. Ossawatomie is a statue with a pike standing on a pedestal, an object of adoration and assumed to be an inter cessor. A white man is offered as a sacrifice to the negro idol; Henry Ward Beecher has just used the sacrificial knife; Charles Sumner bears a torch. Horace Greeley swings a censer which emits snakes. Ben Butler, General Scott, General Halleck, General Hunter, Governor Andrew, Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Secretary Stanton and others, appear as worshippers. It would take a file of the Richmond Examiner for a year to tell as much of the hostile violence and contemptuousness of the Southern people toward their adversaries at the beginning of the great contest, as is con tained in this outline drawing. There is another one still more striking — that of the writing of the Proclamation of Emancipation. Of course President Lincoln was, in the view of those in the control of the seceded states, trampling the Constitution of the United States under his feet. The secessionists never got over the theory, even in the midst of their efforts to overthrow the government, that they were in a special degree the appointed interpreters and author ized defenders of the Constitution. It was a natural and popular stroke therefore for the artist to place the Constitution under the feet of the President who was seeking to enforce the laws and save the Union. The idea that the Union and the Constitution could be preserved by force of arms in a war that throughout the Confed eracy was popularly called "the John Brown raid on a large scale" was regarded as the most preposterous proposition that had ever been heard of. Negroes' heads with rams' horns decorate the table

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14 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

upon which Lincoln writes the proclamation of freedom, and the legs end with Satanic cloven feet. Upon the wall is a picture show ing the massacres of St. Domingo, the murder of children and the desolation of homes. John Brown, with a palm in one hand and a pike in the other, looks with cranky benignity from a frame. The Statue of Liberty is burlesqued with a baboon's head and a laurel wreath — suggesting the favorite revilement of Lincoln as a gorilla. The devil holds his inkstand and on the back of his chair is an ass's head! This gives at a stroke the Southern notion of the war and the purport of the Proclamation at the time it was issued. The war as the Southern people saw it, was on the part of the national authorities the massacre of white men in a fanatical crusade for the blacks. It was as they believed wholly prohibited by the Con stitution, and they understood the invasion of the territory they held to be their own, as a proceeding that made John Brown a sort of god; and instead of comprehending that the invasion and con quest of their states was for the benefit of the whole people, them selves no less than others, they maintained that it was full of all uncharitableness and every horror — that it was asinine and ba- boonish and devilish and incited in this country the memorable woes of the war of the races in St. Domingo.

Other drawings are in the same spirit. The sentiment was propagated that Northern troops were from the slums, and chiefly criminals or foreigners; and the fashion with which national regi ments were recruited and provost-marshal duty performed was that the invaders were in the coarsest degree mercenary and mer ciless, and the lowest of the human race. It may be news to many in these days that General Butler of Massachusetts was as conspic uous as he appears in our Confederate history in etchings. But he was for some years a wonderfully well-hated man, made famous beyond comparison by the malicious ardor and ingenuity of his enemies; and the Baltimore caricaturist whose facile pencil we are following pays General Butler no more attention in proportion than the press of the South gave him. The violent hatred of But-

232

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 15

ler in the states of the Confederacy appeared early and seemed to originate in the fact that he voted sixty-three times in the Demo cratic National Convention at Charleston, for Jefferson Davis as the Democratic candidate for the Presidency of the United States, and was one of the leaders at Baltimore in the division of the demo cratic party and the nomination of Breckenridge against Douglas. It was Southern sentiment that as he had gone that far he must have been an awrful hypocrite or his principles would have carried him with them into the war — and therefore he was a sort of traitor. Indeed it took a good while to convince many of the Southern people who were engaged in the Rebellion that they had not been most terribly wronged by the Northern Democracy; and there would have been more ground for the imputations which they launched against their former brethren in the party, if the repre sentatives of the Northern Democrats had not in the Charleston convention given them fair and ample warning that they had gone as far as it was possible to go, in behalf of the vindication of the rights claimed by the Southern people — and could not and would not undertake to stand by them in the assertion of the new depar ture which was there demanded as the Democratic platform and refused — that the constitution carried Slavery with it into the ter ritories! It is a remarkable episode in the history of the war that it was so thoroughly predicted in the course of the discussions at the Charleston convention, and that the lines between the North and the South were so distinctly drawn in those debates. The prominence of General Butler in the conventions at Charleston and Baltimore seem to have made him a target for the arrows of the Southern archers; and it is impressive in turning over these pictures to note that of all the group of the defenders of the Union etched by the Confederate artist in the "Worship of the North" — the sacri fice of the white man upon the altar of the negro idol — only General Butler and Mrs. Stowe are among the living.*

*This was in 1890, both are now dead, so no one of the whole group remains on the scene.

16 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

We find these etchings full of the sharpest scorn and rancorous hatred, referring to the early rather than the later period of the war. There is a reason for this that should be well understood. The Northern and Southern people — and we would not use the sectional phrase of statement if its precise equivalent could be found in other words — were taught in the course of the grappling in deadly conflict of their gigantic armies, to respect each other. Before the war they were very ill-acquainted, and it was the habit of each section to disparage the other. It was a current northern joke that John Brown had so frightened Virginia with twenty men that if he had happened to have a hundred he could have marched through Richmond, and that a regiment would have been am ple for the conquest of the state. In the South there was infatua tion about the ability of one Southern man to whip from three to five Yankees. Something of this still lingers in the South ern writers when accounting for the result of the war as achiev ed merely by overwhelming numbers; forgetting the compen sating advantages on the Confederate side for those who were called to act upon the defensive in enormous natural fortresses. It is vain, and would be far aside from the purpose of this paper, to consider these controversies, unless by taking them up any shade of animosity that lingers in them might be eliminated. The Nor thern people were exceedingly slow at the beginning of the war to comprehend the intense earnestness of the people of the South, or to give them credit for the martial ability that they possessed. It is history that there were two formidable invasions of the north by Southern troops; that Washington was four times seriously menaced; that the Virginians watered their horses in the Susque- hanna; that the greatest of the battles of the war was fought in Pennsylvania; and that even when Grant crossed the Rapidan there was a deadly struggle in the Wilderness that made the fortunes of wrar seem once more in doubt. These things told the world — the Northern people no less, indeed more, than others — of the marvel lous soldierly qualities of the Southern people; and it was fortunate

234

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 17

that the highest order of statesmanship could not be associated with a cause that was without material warrant, moral foundation or political justification, and so happily for all it failed. That which permits and indeed commands the publication of the Con federate etchings, which must be regarded as a vivid and charac teristic contribution to history, is the current patent truth that they relate to a state of things that has passed away. It would be unwise not to be sensible that there are sectional matters still open for settlement, controversies that would be very exciting, even infuriating, yet to come; but of the feeling that the works of Dr. Volck represent, there is so little left that they may be regarded with a compassionate sympathy and considered purely as history and art. The intemperance displayed here, the unreflecting, re morseless fury that is seen, did not endure to Appomattox. The war was a great teacher. It taught the people of the country North and South to respect themselves and each other. The old will testify that these strange and sinister sketches are true to their time; that they are faithful as the photography of battle fields, of one of the developments of warfare; and the young should tem per their surprise that such things are historical, with the sober meditations of a genial philosophy.

Long before the end of the conflict of arms there was a southern sensibility that after all Yankee Doodle was a grand old fellow, and the mighty Nation that all the states made up, something wor thy to be interested in and that it would be well to be a part of; that there was more glory in the old than there could be in a new flag; and the proudest boast and congratulation of the members from the reconstructed and restored states when they found them selves again under the dome of the Capitol was, "We are in our father's house and we have come to stay forever." And the feeling in the North — would that the South could know how true and no ble and chivalrous it was! — declared for the most generous policy consistent with rational political prudence, and was ready to go beyond the lines that cautious statesmanship would draw, and

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18 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

meant to give suffrage as the happier way of broadening the founda tions of the Republic. There had been new light on the great com monwealths of the south whose manhood had been amply vindi cated, though the sword they drew had failed to achieve their sovereignty. Carl Schurz tells that in one of his campaigns in Virginia when separated from the cracker train and after a long day's fasting, the best hope was that there might be something found to eat the next day, one of his foreign staff officers pressed to his side and asked him if he remembered how delightfully they cooked and served hares with a delicious sauce that was a specialty of the house in one of the Palais Royal restaurants in Paris! At the moment the remembrance was not comforting, and the officer was regarded as guilty of a breach of discipline, but not punished for his untimely and fantastic recollection. It is said of John C. Brecken- ridge that in the midst one of his dreariest campaigns in west ern Virginia, retreating in a driving rain and gloomily apprehensive, one of his staff asked him to explain the constitutional ground up on which the Southern politicians claimed that the right existed to carry Slavery into the territories, and whether he thought that solemn constitutional right would be exercised after the war! It is said to the credit of Breckenridge that he was able to laugh at the humor of this immense impertinence. In the midst of the war Jefferson Davis was through inadvertence introduced at a public meeting in Richmond as the President of the United States, and he said he asserted the far higher honor of the presidency of the Confederate states. He is gone, and the United States only gained in universal prestige by the trial of the strength of the gen eral government and the tenacity of the national vitality. He is no more, and his daughter — the "Daughter of the Confederacy" —is soon to become the wife of a young man in the North whose blood is of the oldest anti-slavery stock: and the chivalry of the North, no less than that of the South will be warm-hearted toward her and show by acts of kindness unaffected and the involuntary politeness of respectful affection and the high and tender considera-

236

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 19

tion that is the tribute of manliness to womanhood, the hope that her home may be happy in the Union of lakes and of lands, of hearts and of hands, the Union still of the fathers and the mothers, now and evermore.

The series of etchings which is presented in this issue of the Cosmopolitan comprises one of the most interesting reminiscences of the great war of the rebellion. They are the work of Dr. A. J. Volck of Baltimore who etched them during the early years of the civil war. Dr. Volck was an agent of the Confederate govern ment and to get his sketches he repeatedly ran the blockade. The daring artist finally was arrested by the Government and confined in Fort McHenry. The sketches were etched and a few copies printed intended for private distribution, after which the original copper plates were shipped to England for safety and left with De la Rue & Company of London. Owing to neglect, the plates were rendered useless by dampness and verdigris, and never were re- etched. Dr. Volck at one time was at the head of the first art academy in the South, and his ability as an etcher and as a por- trayer of the events of the war is manifest.

I. WORSHIP OF THE NORTH

This is the most elaborate etching of all in the series. It shows the public men of the North worshipping, as an idol, a negro on the Chicago platform, the corner of which is a carved head of Lincoln.

II. PASSING THROUGH BALTIMORE

Lincoln on his way to the inauguration at Washington, fearful of his life, appears at the partly-open door of a freight car to ascer tain the cause of a horrible noise and finds that it is nothing worse than a cat on top of a hydrant. The car is labelled "Freight — bones; capacity, 000."

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20 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

III. WRITING THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

This is a most carefully -wrought etching. Lincoln is seated sideways at a table, writing, his head upon his hand and his left foot upon a bound copy of the Consitution which lies upon the floor.

IV. BATTLE IN BALTIMORE, APRIL 19, 1861

A spirited street scene in which the Baltimoreans are assailing the Sixth Massachusetts regiment.

V. SEARCHING FOR ARMS

A room in a Southern house in which a squad of soldiers are turning over the bed looking for arms and money. All that is found is a small Confederate flag which the captain holds up to the mother whose daughter is clinging to her breast. The master of the house is outside the doorway, trying to thrust aside the soldiers who prevent his entrance.

VI. ENLISTMENT OF SICKLES* BRIGADE, NEW YORK

The locality is the Five Points. On one side is a missionary, with the Bible in hand, preaching, while some one above him is sur reptitiously removing his wig. On the other side is a gaunt and gaudy woman giving pipes to the crowd. Behind her is the sign 'Pipes for the noble Saviours of their Country, by Mrs. Higby.' Between the two sides of the street are the recruits, intermingled with whom is the colonel, the lieutenants, a first sergeant and a corporal. One of the lieutenants has a transparency "The Capital in Danger, Sickles' Brigade to the Rescue."

VII. BUYING A SUBSTITUTE IN THE NORTH DURING THE WAR

Shows the interior of a house on the outside of the door of which is the sign, 'Substitutes for sale. Supply of Able-bodied Men always on hand, Cheap.' A well-dressed young man who has

238

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 21

been drafted enters to obtain a substitute, and is ushered by the man in charge to a group of ragged wrecks of humanity.

VIII. MAKING CLOTHES FOR THE BOYS IN THE ARMY

A touching scene in a Southern home. The aged mother is at the flax wheel, spinning the flax into thread; one of the daughters is at the loom, weaving the thread into cloth; while the other daugh ter is making of the cloth, garments for the sons and brothers in the army.

IX. SLAVES CONCEALING THEIR MASTER FROM A SEARCH PARTY

The master stands behind the open kitchen door, cocked pis tol in hand, while the slave-woman directs the armed and mounted party before the door down the road. A young negro boy sits at the hearth, holding a skillet, and endeavoring to reassure a badly frightened younger brother.

X. RETURN OF A RAIDING PARTY FROM PENNSYLVANIA

A very pretty study of animal life. The officers, mounted, are directing the soldiers, who are driving the herds of cattle and swine which they have confiscated in the rich farming country of southern Pennsylvania. The white-topped baggage wagons are rolling along filled with forage.

XI. VALIANT MEN *DAT FITE MIT SIGEL.'

This ironical title calls to mind a picture which can be imagin ed. The soldiers are plundering and burning a home, while the mistress of the house, but half clad, is on her knees before an officer begging that her house may be spared.

XII. TRACKS OF THE ARMIES

The husband returns to what once had been his home, to find

239

22 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

the house demolished and the dead body of his wife among the ruins. The cradle is overturned and the child is gone. A vulture sits by the chimney, eager to descend on the dead. The grief- stricken man clasps his hand to his forehead, and staggers in amid the desolation. The leaf of an open book which lies on the floor says, 'By their deeds ye shall know them/

XIII. FORMATION OF GUERILLA BANDS

One of the band is approaching an armed man who stands by the side of his wife and child, and is persuading him to join them.

XIV. JAYHAWKERS

A gang of marauders are galloping through a hamlet, burning and murdering as they go. The leader has swung over his saddle in front of him a young girl whom he is carrying off. A man is aiming his gun at two women who are fleeing across the field.

XV. STONE BLOCKADE OFF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA

The entrance to the harbor is filled up with the hulls of dis mantled ships which have been loaded down with stone and sunk in the channel to impede the progress of the hostile fleet. *

XVI. FREE NEGROES IN THE NORTH

Life among the slums of a northern city is shown. A negro beggar is given instead of an alms, a tract on slavery from the fin gers of a high-bred well-dressed man. A physician is bargaining with two negroes for the purchase of a dead body for dissection.

XVII. CAVE LIFE IN VICKSBURG DURING THE SIEGE

A mournful and pathetic picture of a Southern lady kneeling in prayer in the underground cave room which has been furnished

"This is rather ambiguous. The ships were sunk by the Government, to prevent either blockade-runners getting in, or hostile vessels coming out. — [ED.]

240

CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK 23

from the home in which it is no longer safe to dwell. Vicksburg saw many such sights during the long six- weeks' siege of 1863.

XVIII. VICKSBURG CANAL

Two Confederate soldiers, one of whom has a telescope, are viewing the Union forces working on the canal which, it was in tended by Grant, should divert the channel of the river, and leave Vicksburg an inland city. The vista through which the view is obtained is charmingly executed, showing in detail the beauties of southern woodland and marshland.

XIX. GENERAL STUART?S RAID TO THE PAMUNKEY

In June 1862, after the battle of Fair Oaks, the dashing Con federate cavalryman 'Jeb' Stuart started north of Richmond, and rode completely around the Union army. This bold movement caused McClellan seriously to entertain the idea of moving his camp from "White House" to the James river. The etching shows the cavalry surprising 'Hezekiah Skinflint, sutler' and running off the 'herds

xx. BUTLER'S PRISONERS IN FORT ST. PHILIP

A striking scene through the open sally port of Fort St. Philip, captured by Farragut in April 1862. Citizens of New Orleans with ball and chain fastened to their ankles are at work digging, and are being guarded by colored Union soldiers. In the distance General Butler is seen escorting two women, supposed to be Union sympathizers.

XXI. PRAYER IN STONEWALL JACKSON'S CAMP

This is one of the most effective etchings in the series. A group of soldiers led by Stonewall Jackson are engaged in prayer.

241

24 CONFEDERATE WAR ETCHINGS— VOLCK

XXII. COUNTERFEIT CONFEDERATE NOTES PUBLICLY OFFERED FOR SALE

A store window bears the placard 'Counterfeit Confederate Treasury Notes for sale. Soldiers under orders to the South sup plied with lots to suit at Reasonable Rates.'

XXIII. GENERAL STUART'S RETURN FROM PENNSYLVANIA

This shows a portion of Stuart's army at a small stream of running water, at which a halt was made to water the horses. General Stuart was returning from his raid to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in October 1862. As a study of horses the etching is fine.

MURAT HALSTEAD

242

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The placing in position of the old whalers was thus described by the New York Herald's correspondent with the Union fleet:

At half-past four this afternoon, December 19, 1861, the tide being nearly full, we re- crossed the bar and ran a hawser from our ship to the bark Theodosia, of New London, which was to be the first victim, and towed her across the bar to the upper boat (many rowboats were moored at the points formerly occupied by the channel buoys), on the left-hand side of the channel. When we had her in a good position, Captain Stevens, through a speaking trumptet, ordered the captain to cast off the hawser. It was let go, and "roused in" again on our deck in the twinkling of an eye. The old bark, being under some headway, moved slowly to the exact spot we wished for her, and then struck the bottom; and her anchor dropped for the last time in the water, the chain rattling out as cheerfully as any chain might which had made its last run, and the old bark settled down into her own grave. The plug had been knocked out as the anchor dropped, and the water rushed in. In a moment our whaleboats were lowered and alongside, and the baggage of the officers and crew rapidly passed into them, over the old bulwarks. We did not wait for them, but hurried out to tow in another ship before dark. The first touched bottom and the plug was drawn as the sun went down. Each had finished its course at the same moment; one to rise on the morrow as bright and glorious as ever, the other to waste away and go to pieces under the combined action of the elements which it had braved so long and well. Alas that a vessel worn out in the service of its owner should be sold and come to such an end!

The Rebecca Sims was towed in and anchored at the other side of the channel. The water soon filled her hold, and she sank slowly and in a dignified manner; rocking uneasily to be sure, as the water poured in, but going down with every rope and spar in place, as a soldier falls with all his harness on. WTe towed in and sank four others before low water. Here were fifteen dismasted hulks, in every possible position, lying across the channel, some on their port, others on the starboard side, some under water forward, others aft. Some stood on upright keels and spouted water from their sides as the heavy swells raised them and dropped them heavily down upon the sands again, — etc.

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SMUGGLING MEDICINES INTO THE SOUTH

The stream in the foreground is presumably intended for the Potomac. The lookout in the tree is pointing to some figures in the distance, presumably the enemy.

OFFERING CHURCH BELLS TO BE CAST INTO CANNON

A singular coincidence is that fifty -four years later (1916) the Germans are confiscating all their church bells for the same pur pose.

ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON CROSSING THE UTAH DESERT TO JOIN THE SOUTHERN ARMY

General Johnston, one of the ablest Southern leaders, was killed at the battle of Pittsburg Landing (or Shiloh) April 6, 1862.

BUYING COUNTERFEIT CONFEDERATE NOTES

There is no proof that the Southern currency was ever counter feited at the North, but it is historical that the British in 1777 did counterfeit the Continental currency.

CAVE LIFE IN VICKSBURG

For a very interesting account of cave life in Vicksburg, see Mrs. James M. Loughborough's book of that title (N. Y. 1864).

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THE BATTLE OF SANTA ROSA ISLAND (FLA.)

This was a night attack on "Billy Wilson's Zouaves" — the Sixth New York Militia — and a detachment of the First Artillery, October 9, 1861. It was unsuccessful. It should be stated that some (this among them) of the original etchings are in such condi tion that their reproductions are not as clear as others.

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